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闯入鲜卑祖庭：一个仅存9000人的民族正被遗忘_我的网站

上海滩

一 | 上周我去了两个很多人都陌生的地方，甚至不知道在哪里。

二 | 齐齐哈尔的名气大一些，加格达奇就很少有人知道了。

三 | WARSAW, Poland -- Polish opposition leader Donald Tusk declared the beginning of a new era for his country after opposition parties appeared to have won enough votes in Sunday's parliamentary election to oust the governing nationalist conservative party.That party, Law and Justice, has bickered with allies and faced accusations of eroding rule of law at home in its eight years in power. It appeared that voters were mobilized like never before, voting in even greater numbers than when the nation ousted the communist authorities in 1989. In some places people were still in line when polling officially closed, but all were allowed to vote. If the result predicted by an exit poll holds, Law and Justice won but also lost. It got more seats than any other party but not enough to be able to lead a government that can pass laws in the legislature. The Ipsos exit poll suggested that Law and Justice obtained 200 seats. Its potential partner, the far-right Confederation got 12 seats, a showing the party acknowledged was a defeat.It also showed that three opposition parties have likely won a combined 248 seats in the 460-seat lower house of parliament, the Sejm. The largest of the groups is Civic Coalition, led by Tusk, a former prime minister and former European Union president. It won 31.6% of votes, the exit poll said. “I have been a politician for many years. I’m an athlete. Never in my life have I been so happy about taking seemingly second place. Poland won. Democracy has won. We have removed them from power,” Tusk told his cheering supporters.“This result might still be better, but already today we can say this is the end of the bad time, this is end of Law and Justice rule," Tusk added.Law and Justice leader Jaroslaw Kaczynski acknowledged the ambiguous result. He told supporters at his headquarters that his party’s result, at nearly 37% of the vote, according to the exit poll, was a success, making it the party to win the most votes for three parliamentary elections in a row. “We must have hope and we must also know that regardless of whether we are in power or in the opposition, we will implement this (political) project in various ways and we will not allow Poland to be betrayed," Kaczynski said.If the result holds, and Law and Justice is the single party with the most seats, then it would most likely get the first chance to try to build a government.It falls to President Andrzej Duda, who is an ally of Law and Justice, to tap a party to try to form a government.Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki said on Polsat News that Duda “will entrust the mission of forming the government to the winning party and in this first step we will certainly try to build a parliamentary majority."Three opposition parties, Tusk's Civic Coalition, Third Way and the New Left, ran on separate tickets but with the same promises of seeking to oust Law and Justice and restore good ties with the European Union.Wlodzimierz Czarzasty, a leader of the Left party, vowed to work with the others to “create a democratic, strong, reasonable and predictable government.”Katarzyna Pelczynska-Nalecz, the head of election campaign for Third Way, called it a “huge day for our democracy.”Votes were still being counted and the state electoral commission says it expects to have final results by Tuesday morning.At stake are the health of the nation’s constitutional order, its legal stance on LGBTQ+ rights and abortion, and the foreign alliances of a country that has been a crucial ally to Ukraine after Russia launched its full-scale invasion.LGBTQ+ rights activist Bart Staszewski called it the end of a “nightmare” for himself as a gay man and others.“This is just the beginning of reclaiming of our country. The fight is ahead but we are breathing fresh air today,” Staszewski said.Environmental activist Dominika Lasota was emotional with relief, saying “we have our future.”Law and Justice has eroded checks and balances to gain more control over state institutions, including the courts, public media and the electoral process itself.During the campaign many Poles described the vote as the most important one since 1989, when a new democracy was born after decades of communism.Turnout Sunday appeared to be even higher than the 63% of voters who turned out for the 1989 election that led to the ouster of the communists. Despite many uncertainties ahead, what appeared certain was that support for the governing party has shrunk since the last election in 2019 when it won nearly 44% of the vote, its popularity dented by high inflation, allegations of cronyism and bickering with European allies.There is a high level of state ownership in the Polish economy, and the governing party has built up a system of patronage, handing out thousands of jobs and contracts to its loyalists. A political change could open the way for the EU to release billions of euros in funding that has been withheld over what the EU viewed as democratic erosion.Piotr Buras, of the European Council of Foreign Relations, said the opposition had gained from “growing fatigue” with the government among Poles, "beyond the groups usually supporting the liberals.” The fate of Poland's relationship with Ukraine was also at stake. The Confederation party campaigned on an anti-Ukraine message, accusing the country of lacking gratitude to Poland for its help in Russia's war. Its poor showing will be a relief for Kyiv.A referendum on migration, the retirement age and other issues was held simultaneously. Some government opponents called on voters to boycott the referendum, saying it was an attempt by the government to galvanize its supporters. Many voters were seen refusing to take part in the referendum.___Associated Press journalists Kwiyeon Ha, Pietro De Cristofaro and Rafal Niedzielski contributed to this report.。

四 | 东北有几个独有的少数民族，比如鄂伦春族、鄂温克族、达斡尔族、赫哲族以及起源于东北的满族，这几个民族除了满族之外都是人口很少的，特别是鄂伦春，目前不到一万人，居住在离加格达奇很近的鄂伦春自治旗。这次旅程虽很短暂，但是深入到了大兴安岭地区，很冷，很值得。

五 | a、加格达奇是大兴安岭地区最大的城市，大兴安岭地区行政公署是一个类似地级市的行政单位，属于黑龙江省管理，但是其中加格达奇和另外一个松岭区在内蒙古境内，这两个地方是属于黑龙江的飞地。作者供图 b、加格达奇这城市名一听肯定有来头，是鄂伦春语里“有樟子松的地方”的意思，紧挨着呼伦贝尔市的鄂伦春自治旗，基本上想体验鄂伦春人的民俗就是先到加格达奇，再开车到隔壁的鄂伦春旗。 c、喜欢历史的朋友肯定知道南北朝的北魏是拓跋鲜卑族开创，而鲜卑人的起源就在鄂伦春旗的嘎仙洞，这里是鲜卑人的祖庭，龙兴之地，曾经是北方中原的霸主上百年。今天的鄂伦春族和历史上鲜卑人有非常紧密的连接，虽不能说就是今天的鲜卑人，但生活的区域、习俗、宗教信仰都是一样的，鄂伦春人很可能是鲜卑人的一个分支延续至今。 d、鹿是鄂伦春人的图腾，他们平时会戴鹿角帽子，我这次参加了一个和鄂伦春政府合作的商业综艺节目的录制，基本上全程都是鄂伦春元素的展示，他们的民歌、舞蹈、射箭和传统服饰等等，在森林河水旁，听他们唱着传统的民歌，对这个目前只有9000多人的民族有了点了解。 e、真人体验性的综艺节目我知道是如何制作的了，基本上先要在很多场景里拍摄素材。比如这次，找了很多商业界的代表来到鄂伦春，和当地文旅部门一起给当地文旅和农产品出点子，参加综艺的人已经在这里待了半个月，记录下所有的素材，后期制作至少两个月，一个季度播一季，下一季再换一个地方合作，比如云南、西藏某地文旅部门。过程中有常驻嘉宾，这个要求是最高的，因为需要全程参与，比如这次要两周多，就时间配合这一点就很难做到，中间会有一些重要嘉宾来客串下，比如待个1～2天。综艺如何赚钱？（1）靠合作的地方政府给钱，比如鄂伦春需要扩大影响力，增加文旅流量。他们需要媒体平台，需要创新的内容。虽然综艺已经不新鲜了，但是信息是有代际的，不是平的。（2）这次综艺节目的制作方会通过芒果和湖南卫视播出。实际上综艺制作方是工厂，生产的节目是产品，卖给电视台和网络平台播出，通过平台方和自己的广告招商拿到收入的分成或者一次性打包卖给平台方。

六 | 今天的综艺太多太多了，美食的、户外生存的、厨艺的、旅行的、亲子的、商业文旅的等等，基本上就是类似流水线的生产一样，和电视剧、电影一样被一批一批地制造出来。

七 | f、深秋的大兴安岭从飞机要降落加格达奇机场开始，满眼的金黄色，飘着一层薄雪。从色彩来说，非常美，只是很冷，冷到我在户外坐着的时候需要贴好几个暖宝宝，特别是起风的时候，会深刻体会到这就是东北。格外佩服冬天在户外狩猎的鄂伦春人，他们千百年来生活在森林里度过漫长的冬季，鲜卑人能够征服中原，能征善战，生命力顽强一定是有原因的。 g、周五晚我登上绿皮火车从加格达奇到齐齐哈尔，穿越茫茫山林，400多公里用了6个半小时。今天我看到短视频说加格达奇火车站之后就要拆除重新盖，在这个森林小城的车站里候车居然成为了历史的绝唱。

八 | h、这个小城和中国大多数县城差异不大，商业业态都有，除了一些不会辐射到这里的连锁品牌之外，餐厅里是东北风格，菜量大一定的，餐厅阿姨让我就点一个菜，这当然不行，还是要多尝两样。作者供图足疗店里的老板非常的悠闲，有客人就不急不慢地伺候着，没客人就看短视频看剧。最大的区别就是他们呼吸的空气中负氧离子爆表，每天都被洗肺，想必这里患呼吸道疾病的人应该很少。 i、这里有火车到漠河、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨，绿皮火车居多，还没有高铁，估计也不会建高铁。

九 | 作者供图这里有一个机场，航班不多，直飞的航线只有哈尔滨、大连和海拉尔，到北京和上海是经停的航线，虽然航线少，航班少，但至少和大城市连接起来了。

十 | j、六个半小时的绿皮火车从加格达奇到齐齐哈尔，开车只要四个多小时。齐齐哈尔是达斡尔语“天然的牧场”的意思，所以这里一定有达斡尔族，这里能出一个飞鹤品牌也是必然的。达斡尔族人也不多，但还有十几万人，在齐齐哈尔就有达斡尔族区。 k、齐齐哈尔是黑龙江第二大城市，我感觉像一个大号的县城，可能北方的城市都差不多吧。曾经的重工业基地，曾经的黑龙江省会，出过很多名人，梁龙、毛不易和最近被禁言的张雪峰，还有上太空的航天员等等，是个人杰地灵和历史悠久的城市。

十一 | 每个城市应该都有齐齐哈尔烤肉吧，但估计大多数人不知道齐齐哈尔在哪。

十二 | 两三年前我做过一次大兴安岭的自驾计划，当时就有加格达奇和齐齐哈尔，但没能成行，明年夏天肯定会出发。这里的元素很多，民族、历史、自然的元素都有了，而且路况好，没有压力。人进入大自然心情就会爽，无论是森林、湖泊、草原还是沙漠，或者是海边。大兴安岭好像很远似的。其实不远，飞几个小时就到，落地就开车出发。